Adam Smith During the Scottish Enlightenment Research Paper

Adam Smith During the Scottish Enlightenment - Research Paper ExampleOn graduating, he successfully delivered a list of public lectures at Edinburgh. Those lectures led him eventually to cooperation with David Hume during the period of Scottish Enlightenment.Sharing both rationalist and humanist outlook of the European Enlightenment of the same epoch, the fundamental thinkers and doers of Scottish Enlightenment maintained the fundamental importance of the reason combined with a rejection of all the authorities that cannot be vindicated by reason. They clang to an cheerful belief in the ability of a man to make changes for the better in both nature and social life, being guided solely by the reason.It was this very feature that added the Scottish Enlightenment the peculiar flavor that has distinguished it from its counterpart from over the Continent. Furthermore, Scottish Enlightenment was characterized by an extremely thorough luridness and practically where the main virtues were held to be a practical benefit, improvement, and virtue itself of both societies a whole and an individual.By the middle of the 18th century, Scots had become exactly the most literate nation of Europe. Its level of literacy was estimated as high as 75%. Yet it was not many of them who were making Enlightenment. The whole culture of that while Scotland was oriented to books so spirited discussions were held at such places of intellectual gatherings as The Select Society and The Poker Club. Those places, in fact, were crucibles from which lots of ideas distinguishing Scottish Enlightenment developed.When precept moral philosophy at Glasgow Smith received a chair, and during within this period of time, he published his work The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Later he received a tutoring position allowing him to travel over Europe where he used to meet other prominent intellectuals of the Enlightenment epoch.

Early Post Partum Haemorrhage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early Post Partum Haemorrhage - Essay ExampleShe was having one of the most serious complications of pregnancy known as post-partum hemorrhage(PPH).According to the Centers for infirmity Control and Prevention (2006), hemorrhage, blood clot, high blood pressure, infection, stroke, amniotic fluid in the bloodstream and heart muscle disease are the leading causes of pregnancy-related deaths which sums up to 2-3 pregnancy-related deaths each day. Although deaths due to pregnancy complications have dramatically declined during the period of 1900-1982, the number of cases has ceased to show any decrease since then, which raises so much concern for the women of child guardianship age. Furthermore, there seem to be a link between a womans race, ethnicity, country of birth, and age and her venture of dying of pregnancy complications. For example, African American women are four times as prone to pregnancy-related deaths as white women, and that, women aged 35-39 are tierce times at great er risk than women aged 20-24 years old. The risk goes up to five times for a woman aged 40 and above. Post-partum hemorrhage accounts for a high 17% of mortality rate in women, and a case such as this would require a nurse/midwife with the proper knowledge and skills to address the situation and save the engender from an otherwise life-threatening situation. This paper is aimed at exploring the guidelines in the management of early post-partum hemorrhage and the treatments available for such condition.A woman in labor undergoes three different stages. The first stage is dilatation. It begins with the period of true labor contractions and ends with when the neck is fully dilated. The first stage is further divided into three phases the latent, the active and the transmutation phases. A regularly perceived uterine contraction marks the beginning of the latent phase. It ends when the rapid dilation of the cervix begins. In the active phase of labor, the cervix dilates

The sustainable environment vs. the current growth of our human Essay

The sustainable environment vs. the current step-up of our human popoulation - Essay ExampleSurely, there must be a limit to the amount of ripening and destruction of the natural resources that this planet can actually sustain before catastrophic events begin to happen. Sustainability entails the capacity for a people and an environment to endure the testify of time. As there is still much we do not do about our current surroundings, there is a cause for concern as the universe of discourse around us continues to mushroom. If there is no regard for the land among us, and there are no plans put into place for increased sustainability moving forward, the earth, as we know it today, could be severely altered in eras to come. With this reality in mind, it is important now to consider whether or not our environment can be sustainable in light of an increased population, and what needs to be to protect future evolutionary eras of mankind who will follow us. That is the focus of this p aper. In ecological terms, sustainability refers to the unique(p) nature that the earths environment has to remain diverse and productive over time (Yazdi and Shakouri 468). It is this diversity that has, to this point, allowed civilizations to flourish since the beginning of time, having access to sustainable resources that energize enabled continued growth. Biologists wonder, however, if this ecological phenomenon that allows the biosphere to continue in its productive state can continue indefinitely in the face of continued growth and abuse. Wetlands and forests that represent the best of what a sustainable biological system entails urinate long dominated the earth, during the modern era. Many people believe that the wetlands continue to be healthy and productive, while forests provide much needed stability to the environment. Time will tell, of course, if these thoughts are correct, or whether we are truly destroying the sustainability of our planet. Throughout history, mili tary man have talked about showing a respect for nature that has transcended time, yet this does not always equate into action. With continued population growth, however, this respect and admiration for the forests, wetlands, and other aspects of our sustainable environment has gradually decreased over time. Sustainability is vitally important to cosmos, however, in order to contribute to the long-term well being and ability to thrive in the midst of global change. Factors that impact this ability to sustain the productiveness of the earth for the long term include certain ecological, political, and cultural components. In essence, the needs of humans to grow and prosper on this earth must be balance with certain environmental values that cannot be compromised. Humans cannot fight the ecology of the adult male in the long-run and expect to win. The need for social equality and economic expansion must be balanced with the need to create a sustainable environment that will continue t o support human expansion. It has long been known that a healthy ecosystem is necessary to not only the continued survival of funding organism (humans included), but also to their ability to flourish as well (Omer 2268). In order to accomplish this feat, methods must be established in an swither to reduce any negative impact that humans have on the environment around them. In order for the earth to remain sustainable and stable, humans must allow it to

Black People and James Baldwin Essay Example for Free

Black People and James Baldwin EssayIn Toni Morrisons Recitatif, the story is about two young womans, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphans asylum because their baffles could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or discolor. At one point in the story Twyla comments, We looked like salt and pepper. I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I knowledgeable should have been it doesnt strongly matter. The story begins with Twylas mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls contain each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twylas mother was wear those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts.She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically bossd and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Robertas mother had brought chicken legs. Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken to a greater extent than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasnt hungry. Shortly after that visitation Robertas mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated.They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrixs band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I look at Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store.Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot consent back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days blackwhite. You know how everything was. I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years.The third time they meet is at the school day where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am.I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can picture why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. Recitatif challenged me to not judge all girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. nought more nothing less.

Computer Program and Level Exam Essay Example for Free

Computer Program and Level Exam EssayIntroduction Goal of the report Goal of the fox drone of method actings and results Methods Steps you took or actions you did Results Tell what you discovered in a table or a graph Discussion Significance of what you found out Recommendations Goals achieved or not Questions raised SESSION ABOUT NAVIGATING THE INTERNET IMRD REPORT The goal of this IMRD report is to describe what I have learned in the session about using the Preimavera program.The goal of this project was to learn how to plan a project from its beginning to the end using a computer program. This report will aver the reader of the methods used, results reached and goals achieved. Methods Level exam The level exam is basically an exam to know how good your computer skills like sending data through the internet. Its a simple exam but it is necessary. Theoretical method The first three sessions are mainly theoretical sessions.Where you learn how to plan a project manually witho ut the computer program by using node diagrams and other planning methods Practical method The rest of the sessions are practical sessions where the teacher explains how to flow the program and gives you a small project to plan and helps you master it. Final test The last step is the test you take where you plan a firm project and according to the result you get a certificate that you have mastered the preimavera. Results Results MethodsI knew that I was qualified for this course Level exam I learned how to plan a project without a computer program Theoretical method I learned how to operate the program Practical method To get a certificate that I mastered the preimavera Final test Discussion The results above show that I have met my goal for learning how to charm on Preimavera program, and I found out that anyone could learn how to use this program, and I still have to learn other planning programs like CANDY. I inspire ZODIAC center for learning computer programs.

The Rise Of The Papacy In Rome

The Rise Of The Papacy In capital of ItalyThe ascendancy of the bishop of Rome oer the whole of the Catholic Church, an institution recognized as the papacy, took centuries to grow. During the first few hundred years of the church building, the title pope, which denotes father, was applied for any important and esteemed bishop. Furthermore, the bishop of Rome was one of a number of meaning(a) bishops in Christendom.Rome had always been treasured for her relationship with Paul and ray of light and her stand as the Church in the Empires chief urban centralize. This was particularly observe afterward Christianity was made sub judice under Constantine which made the importance of that office grow further with each passing roman bishop. The dogma of the authority of the pope finally reached its height in the late 13th century, when Pope Boniface VIII asserted full religious and non-religious authority over every military man being.1Rome prior to Pope GregoryIn 535 it was invaded by an army sent by the emperor Justinian to bring it back under the control of the Roman Empire, the capital of which was now Constantinople.The war between the Ostrogoths and the Empire lasted for some twenty years, devastating the countryside and disrupting social organization.546 the city lay uninhabited for forty days. The final victory of the royal forces left Italy dangerously open to the attentions of another(prenominal) Germanic group, the Lombards. In 568, under their king Alboin, they made their way into Italy, and by force of arms steadily open up themselves over most of the peninsula.During Pope Gregory regin Gregory the large(p) whos life culminated in his holding the office of pope (590604). line of popes whom assumed office after Pelagius I (556-561) who was slimy Pope but was forced on the Church by Justinian.He is generally regarded as one of the offstanding figures in the pertinacious. The empire was unstable and Byzantine fountain had greatly subsided.1 T his was the world into which Gregory, who was drawn to monasticism, was born. Gregory had an interesting and refreshing outlook on missions. He was spurred on to his first missions project in response to the king of Lombard refusing baptism for his subjects.He renewed the church using Benedictine principles. The Bishop of Rome had an immediate impact on believers by reformed congregational worship by introducing choirs in install to read liturgy, he raised the standard of education of the clergy, and an emphasized in preaching. He took the task of protecting Rome from the Lombard threat that lasted in treaty that lasted for a short time period. This was only one treaty of many since Gregory negotiated treaties with several barbarian kings which helped take political steps to protect the Christian community by being destroyed by war. This helped him become the first Pope to act as a temporal ruler which eventually came part of the Papal States. Gregory the Great established the patt ern of church government in England that had everyone being supervised by someone higher. He to a fault started missionary work that spread out of his region.Part of the reason was he was labeled the Great had to do with his influential writings that impacted the Middle ages.7 Also, during his time as pope, he was an advocate of clerical celibacy.8 Furthermore, he was instrumental in the conversion of the Visigothic King Recared to Nicene Catholicism in SpainThrough research we have discovered that the position of Pope gained great influence and index something that has yet to stop. It must be noted that Gregory was the first Pope with a monastic background he made a mark in history. Gregory apply strategies such as connections with the Byzantine elite, which caused him to become well known among the upper classBishops in the Early ChurchDuring the early periods of Christianity, five cities arose as significant core of Christianity. These were Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantino ple and Alexandria. Even though the Roman Church was highly regarded, the Churches in the East in general had more influence and numbers than those of the West. Following the granting of legal status to Christianity by the Decree of Milan, the church took up the same governmental structure as the Empire whereby geographical provinces were ruled by bishops. These bishops of spot cities thereof rose in baron.2Rome wasnt only the city that could profess to have had a unique responsibility in Christs Church. Jerusalem had the reputation of being the city of Christs death and resurrection. Furthermore, a significant church council took place there in the first century. Antioch was the location where the followers of rescuer were first called Christians. Alexandria was an important early center of Christian belief. Constantinople developed into a very significant city after Constantine shifted his capital there in 330 AD.3Nevertheless, by the fifth part century, the bishop of Rome sta rted claiming his superiority over all other bishops. Moreover, several church fathers made this claim for him as well.Why Rome?Romes association with Peter was the main spiritual reason its ultimate dominance. According to customs, Peter visited Rome all by means of his life and, more significantly, was martyred there. This is affirmed by the belief that his remains are below the St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City. St. Paul was thought to have been martyred in Rome as well.The majority of the claims for the popes authority are supported by one major argument- the so called Petrine theory. affirm by the Council of Florence in 1439, outlined as a subject of faith by the First Vatican Council in 1870, and approved by the Second Vatican Council in 1964, Jesus Christ bestowed the position of Primacy in the church upon Peter only. The First Vatican Council based their claim on a classical New Testament text long linked with it. In Mathew 16, Jesus inquires from his disciples who they believe he is. Peter says, You are the Christ, the Son of the Living God. Jesus responds Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I ordain build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.4Given that the word Peter stands for rock, the above stated verse has been taken by the Roman Catholic Church to mean that Peter was charged with the task of overseeing the formation of Gods Church, had spiritual power over it which he passed on to successive Popes (Protestants take issue that the rock signifies not only to Peter but to his admission of faith.) Additional biblical support for their claim has been found in the Gospel of John, whereby the resurrected Jesus directs Peter to feed my sheep. An imager y of St. Peter watching over the gates of heaven has its origin from the Matthew 16 passage.5The Bishop of Rome was one of the most significant Bishops of Western europium up until the Reformation due to a number of factors. Being the city which lay claim to having the first martyr, (Peter), Rome was the historical capital of the empire and a politically key city, so it was expected that the bishop of the city would in addition be important. Furthermore, the pope was the most dominant figure that remained in Rome after the capital of the empire was moved to Constantinople by Constantine. The Bishop of Rome claimed control over all other bishops and Christians based on biblical passages, but some of it was as a result of political and cultural realities. In Western Europe, there existed no other cities to rival Rome giving the Roman Bishop automatic prestige. In the east however, there were rivals such as Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. The bishop of Constantinopl e never did stoop to Roman claims. Additional prestige on Rome was as a result of tradition. It was a city of martyrs. The earliest persecutions, initiated by Nero, occurred at Rome. In addition, Peter was martyred at Rome. As earlier observed, Rome was the solitary city in the Western cerebral hemisphere of the Empire while the rest (four) were found in the easterly region of the Empire. As the two areas became increasingly culturally and politically advanced, the eastern region was in charge of decisions concerning the church and political life whereas Rome was sought out regarding decisions of vital nature, whether it be of political or religious side.6In addition, the barbarian attacks of the fifth century were significant. Leo I, considered by many as the first pope in the modern sense, was influential in convincing Attila the Hun not to attack Rome in 452. When it finally fell to the Vandals in 455, Leo persuaded their leader not to set the city on fire. These endeavors furthe r added to the prestige to the bishop of Rome.Besides, when Rome fell to the barbarians in 455 AD, the church grew to be the defender of order, justice, and the remainder of civilization. The bishop of Rome was active in recapturing the harmony and steadiness that had been crushed by the attacks. Compared to the West, the Eastern side of the empire endured for another 1000 years, hence the bishops there didnt match the political significance as their Roman counterparts.7The reality of Rome being the center of political and religious power within Western Europe had some positive ramifications. Firstly, the Christian cause was broadened and Rome was viewed by not only Western Europe as the key voice and head of Christianity, owing in large part to the Catholic Church, but in addition accepted by the people who lived in the Eastern region of Europe. Rome accorded the bishops the chance to petition resolutions that were made, in regarding their standing and duty as men of faith. Many bi shops that were given judgment that they sensed were unfair petitioned their upshot to the Roman Spiritual authority at the time.8The reality of Rome being the center of political and religious power within Western Europe had also negative positive ramifications. In time, the lines started to blur and it became difficult to differentiate between the responsibility of the church and government. There existed the feudal system that echoed the spiritual chain of want that had been advocated for by earlier theologians. This practice gave rights to landowners, allowing their servants to till the land in exchange for imbursement of wages or debt. In spite of this, wealthy persons arose who had servants that were obliged to them. This reached a meridian where it became a never-ending cycle of assistance with little to no possibility of ever being set free of their gained obligations. The church as well started to situation in a way that was not planned by the founding fathers, for inst ance abbots being married. The lowest story of the Papacy occurred when at some point in when Stephen VI was in office, a trial took place where his predecessor, who had passed away 3 days earlier, was taken before a council, found guilty and dragged through the city. After the ordeal, he was buried in a common grave. Subsequently his papal robes were taken and his fingers cut off.9Whereas Rome was the key voice of the Catholic Church, the church faced many challenges leading up to the Reformation.

The Concept Of Teaching Practicum

The Concept Of T from each oneing PracticumTeaching practicum concerns preparation of teachers and its use has embraced every the accomplishment experiences of educatee teachers in rails. The purpose of reviewing related literature is to explore ideas of inform practicum. This review will discuss three main ideas, namely, overview of the concept of beliefs and dogma practicum, theoretical framework and related research studies.2.1 The concept of teaching practicumTeaching practicum is almost universally accepted today as the climax of a teachers original preparation in pre-service teacher pedagogy programs. According to the studies of Gower Walters (1983), the teaching convention course is the major essential component in professional learning. Teaching practicum is specify as those periods of continuous practice twelve weeks (depends on the particular teacher training college or university) in school constitute an obligatory part of the rail in colleges or universitie s of education. This period of practical experience is also called by various term, clinical experience, student teaching, teaching practice as well as practicum. During the teaching practicum, student teacher conducts schoolroom lessons and performs the duties of a teacher in school.According to the Teacher Training Division Guidelines on practicum for pre-service teacher training (2005), teaching practicum provide opportunities for student teacher to practice theories in teaching and learning practices and to develop individual teaching and learning theories. The main aim of teaching practicum is to cause movementive school teachers and not merely classroom teacher. Student teachers are also provided with opportunities for a variety of encounters with children in schools. This means that student teachers are not only know how to teach effectively in class but are also able to handle co-curricular activities as well. In short, teaching practicum programme is to equip future teac hers with the essential experiences which can lead to the development of their professional competencies. Teaching practicum aims for student teachers to master and practice all the concepts, principles, skills and values in set out to sound a professional teacher.2.2 What is belief ?According to Michaela Borg (2001), belief is a proposition which may consciously or unconsciously held, is evaluative in that it is accepted as true by the individual, and there imbued with emotive commitment further, it serves as guide to thought and bahaviour. On the some other hand, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) define belief as information, factual, and nonfactual cognitions. perception is described as what someone knows or assumes to be true (Berkowitz, 1980, p. 275).No matter what is ones belief, the beliefs still play an important role in many aspects of teaching, as well as in life. It is because these beliefs help individuals make sense of the world, influencing how new information in perceived , and whether it is accepted or rejected. Nevertheless, beliefs differ from knowledge, although they are related to each other, in that beliefs do not always represent the truth. Beliefs are not only considered as discipline-dependent (Tsai, 2002), but beliefs also include understandings, assumptions, images or propositions that are tangle to be true (Kagan, 1992 Richardson, 1996).2.3 Theoretical framework2.3.1 Teachers BeliefsShulman (1986) claimed that a teacher needs to know about the subject matter, to know a variety of general instructional strategies, and to know about the specific strategies necessary for teaching particular subject matter. Most of us would also agree that the good teacher transforms curriculum goals and guidelines in such a way that a particular student is able to master and understand the related content. Dan Lortie states that ones personal predispositions are not only relevant but, in fact, stand at the centerfield of becoming a teacher. Teachers belief is a term usually used to refer to teachers pedagogic beliefs, or those beliefs of relevancy to an individual teaching. The areas most commonly explored are teachers beliefs about teaching, learning, and learners subject matter self as a teacher, or the role of a teacher (Calderhead, 1995). alike that, teachers beliefs do play a central role in the mould of teacher development. Those beliefs form part of the process of understanding how teachers conceptualize their work as a teacher. Tattos (1996, p. 155) important work on beliefs concluded lay cultural norms among enrollees are strongly ingrained and that most teacher education, as it is currently structured, is a weak intervention to alter particular views regarding the teaching and management of diverse learners.Another study shows that a persons belief system has pervasive effects in different spheres of activity- ideological, conceptual, perceptual, and esthetic (Rokeach, 1960, p. 288). In addition, Brown found that certain p hilosophical beliefs and educational beliefs were effective in predicting agreement-disagreement with experimentalism of classroom practice. Indications were that professed educational beliefs had a generalized effect on teaching behavior specific fundamental beliefs were most powerful in influencing specific classroom behaviors (Brown Webb, 1968, p. 215). To support those beliefs, Clark and Peterson (1986) proposed thatThe most resilient or core teachers beliefs are formed on the basis of teachers own schooling as young students while observing teachers who taught them. Subsequent teacher education appears not to stir up these early beliefs, not least(prenominal), perhaps, because it rarely addresses them.If teachers actually try out a particular insertion which does not initially conform to their prior beliefs or principles and the innovation proves helpful or successful, then accommodation of an alternative belief or principle is more possible than in any other circumstance.F or the notice teacher, classroom experience and day to day interaction with colleagues has the potential to influence particular relationships among beliefs and principles, and, over time, consolidate the individuals permutation of them. Nevertheless, it seems that great experience does not lead to greater adaptability in our beliefs and, thereby, the abandonment of strongly held pedagogic principles. Quite the contrary in fact. The more experience we have, the more reliant on our core principles we have become and the less conscious we are doing so.Professional development which engages teachers in a direct exploration if their beliefs and principles may provide the opportunity for greater self-awareness through contemplation and critical questioning as starting points for later adaptation.The teachers conceptualizations of, for example, language, learning, and teaching are situated within that persons wider belief system concerning such issues as human nature, culture, society, education and so on.Consequently, teachers belief about the importance of teaching have a great impact on their teaching practices (Salmon, 1988). The next section will come along at teachers belief about teaching practicum.2.3.2 Teachers belief about teaching practicumThe term practicum is used generically to refer to the different types of school attachment namely, school experience, teaching assistantship, teaching practice and so forth that pre-service students will be undergoing as part their initial teacher preparation programme. The school- ground practicum is designed to enable student teachers to observe a teachers real work of work, and to apply and refine the knowledge and skills acquired through course-work in classroom teaching. Student teachers are to use the opportunities during the practicum to integrate education theory and practice and to widen their practical experiences.In the context of teaching practicum, a student teacher is expected to apply what they have l earned theoretically. To maximise the utility of practicum, it is important that teacher trainers actively promote the effective learning during the practicum period. Effective learning should be concerned with the learning of organized wholes of knowledge. It is a process that involves developing the ability to identify the objectives one is seeking and, within a flexible framework, optimizing a programme to meet these objectives, in line with individual learning attributes. Effective learning also needs to achieve transference of knowledge from the artificiality of a training course, to practical application where the trainees adapts acquired knowledge to the perceived needs of a particular problem or situation (Robotham, 2003). many a(prenominal) researches claim that teaching practicum is a central element in most pre-service teacher education programmes. Many also debates about the assessment of the practice of student teachers often reflect ongoing philosophical debates about the nature of teacher education (Brown, 1996) and traditional barriers amid teachers and academics (Groundwater-Smith, 1997). A set of written criteria used to assess the competence of pre-service secondary teacher education students during practicum. The dimensions of the assessment protocol did not appear to be based on any articulated theory of good teaching practice, and there were significant doubts about the extent to which the various groups of stakeholders had a shared understanding of the standards implied in the criteria. In education what we label as standards are socially constructed and frequently fuzzy (Sadler, 1987) and require the shared understanding of a construct in a community of practice (Wiliam, 1996).2.4 Related Research Studies2.4.1 Pre-service teachers beliefs about teaching practicumPrior to actual teaching experiences, pre-service teachers derive their initial views on teaching from at least two sources. Firstly, it comes from their personal experiences as students, consisting of their interactions with and exposures to various teachers throughout their school life, with such factors having a tendency to influence their reasons for career choice, as well as beliefs and practices on their professional lives (Ben-Petetz, 2003 Bramald, Hardman, Leat, 1995 Saban, 2003). Secondly, it results from pre-service teachers forming their conceptual repertoires as they undergo the formal training provided by teacher educational programs (Bermald, 1995 Dunkin, Precian, Nettle, 1994 Nettle, 1998), initially consisting of theoretical knowledge through foundation and methods courses, and lastly progressing or culminating into the application of such theories via the so-called practice teaching.Few studies have been done in pre-service teachers. The following assumptions are fundamental to a justification of practice as a part of the training of teachersTeaching is behavior, and as behavior is subject to analysis, change, and improvement.Much of t he habitual behavior which individuals have developed in other contexts is inappropriate for the teaching situation.Under present conditions, much teaching is conducted under conditions of stress.Teaching is an extremely complex kind of behavior, involving the full range of thought processes, parley and physical action.Teachers, through practice can learn to analyze, criticize and control their own teaching behavior. coiffure has the dual purpose of training and the elimination of the unfit.Practice provides the experience which gives meaning to many other aspects of instruction in education (teaching).The beliefs of pre-service TESL teachers have may merit their own exploration. These beliefs may influence students in encyclopaedism of knowledge, selection and definition of specific teaching tasks, and interpretation of knowledge, and interpretation of course content. Puchta (1999) asserts that beliefs are guiding principles of our students behavior and strong perceptual filters they act as if they were true. On the other hand, Dunkin (1994) claims that how student-teachers views on teaching may be influenced by formal teaching practicum programme. Kennedy (1996) hypothesizes that real and effective change in teachers practices can only betide through a change in their beliefs the way teachers behave.